Starsglaxiesspace - SPACE

Hubble Mosaic of the Majestic Sombrero Galaxy

credit: Patrice Paquette

Infraphylum Agnatha

Agnathans are a group of jawless fishes that include Myxini (hagfish) and Petromyzontidae (lampreys). Pictured above are Petromyzontidae, also known as lampreys.  The name “lamprey” is derived from Latin meaning “stone licker.” The most well known lamprey species are a parasitic and feed by boring into the flesh of other fish to suck their blood. However there are a some species of lamprey that non-parasitic.

The end of time looks promising: by Sara Shakeel

Dragon Attached to Station for Month of Cargo Transfers

SpaceX - CRS-13 Dragon Mission patch. Dec. 17, 2017

Image above: The Dragon resupply ship is pictured just 10 meters away from the space station’s Canadarm2. Image Credit: NASA TV. The SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft was installed on the Harmony module of the International Space Station at 8:26 a.m. EST. The 13th contracted commercial resupply mission from SpaceX (CRS-13) delivered more than 4,800 pounds of supplies and payloads to the station. Among the research materials flying inside Dragon’s pressurized area, one investigation will demonstrate the benefits of manufacturing fiber optic filaments in a microgravity environment. Designed by the company Made in Space, and sponsored by the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), the investigation will attempt to pull fiber optic wire from ZBLAN, a heavy metal fluoride glass commonly used to make fiber optic glass. Results from this investigation could lead to the production of higher-quality fiber optic products for use in space and on Earth.

U.S. Commercial Cargo Ship Arrives at the Space Station

Dragon is scheduled to depart the station in January 2018 and return to Earth with more than 3,600 pounds of research, hardware and crew supplies. Loaded with some three tons of experiments and supplies, the SpaceX Dragon cargo craft arrived at the International Space Station Dec. 17, where Expedition 53 crew members Mark Vande Hei and Joe Acaba of NASA captured it by using the Canadian-built robotic arm.

Image above: Dec. 17, 2017: International Space Station Configuration. Four spaceships are parked at the space station including the SpaceX Dragon space freighter, the Progress 67 and 68 resupply ships and the Soyuz MS-06 crew ship. Image Credit: NASA TV. Ground controllers at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston took over after Dragon was grappled, sending commands to maneuver the ship to the Earth-facing side of the Harmony module where it was attached for a month-long stay. Dragon was launched Dec. 15 on the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Complex 40 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida to begin its journey to the international outpost. Related links: Debris Sensor (SDS): https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/2145.html Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS): http://www.iss-casis.org/ Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor, or TSIS-1: http://www.nasa.gov/tsis-1 SpaceX: http://www.nasa.gov/spacex Commercial Resupply: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/launch/index.html Expedition 54: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/future.html International Space Station (ISS): https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html Images (mentioned), Video (NASA TV), Text, Credits: NASA/Mark Garcia. Greetings, Orbiter.ch Full article

“More Giant Galaxies Discovered in the Early Universe”

 Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/millimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile have discovered two giant galaxies that existed when the universe was only 780 million years old, or about 5 percent of its current age. These two galaxies, known collectively as SPTO311-58, appear to be within an even-more-massive dark matter halo, containing several trillion times the mass of our sun.  This discovery is quite surprising for scientists. Like how suns and planets are formed from clumps of gas and rock sticking together, astronomers expected the first galaxies to resemble little dwarf galaxies such as those seen today. Yet, nature has surprised everybody, revealing examples of massive galaxies - even for today’s standards.  The researchers wrote the following statement: “This ‘de-lensing’ process provided intriguing details about the galaxies, showing that the larger of the two is forming stars at a rate of 2,900 solar masses per year. It also contains about 270 billion times the mass of our sun in gas and nearly 3 billion times the mass of our sun in dust.” This shows that these galaxies very likely merged to eventually form the largest galaxy ever observed at that time period in cosmic history.

Read more about this fascinating story at: http://earthsky.org/space/primordial-galaxies-spt0311-58-dark-matter-early-universe

Images: Artist’s concept via NRAO/ AUI/ NSF; D. Berry. & Composite Image via ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), Marrone, et al.; B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF); NASA/ESA Hubble.

Sensor to monitor orbital debris outside space station

The International Space Station isn’t the only spacecraft orbiting the Earth. In fact, it is accompanied by the Hubble Space Telescope, satellites within the Earth Observing System, and more than 1,000 other operational spacecraft and CubeSats. In addition to spacecraft, bits of orbital debris - human-made objects no longer serving a purpose in space - are also in orbit.

With an estimated more than 100 million pieces of orbital debris measuring smaller than one centimeter currently in Earth’s orbit, they can be too small to track, but many are large enough to cause damage to operational spacecraft.

The space station has orbital debris shields in place to protect from debris less than 1.5 centimeters in size. Larger debris pieces are tracked by ground control, and if needed, the space station thrusters can be used to safely move station away from the debris.

The Space Debris Sensor (SDS) will monitor the small debris environment around the space station for two to three years, recording instances of debris between the sizes of .05mm to.5mm. Objects larger than 3 mm are monitored from the ground. It will launch to station in the trunk of a SpaceX Dragon during a resupply mission no earlier than Dec. 12.

Orbital debris as small as .3mm may pose a danger to human spaceflight and robotic missions.

“Debris this small has the potential to damage exposed thermal protection systems, spacesuits, windows and unshielded sensitive equipment,” said Joseph Hamilton, the project’s principal investigator. “On the space station, it can create sharp edges on handholds along the path of spacewalkers, which can also cause damage to the suits.”

Once it is mounted on the exterior of the Columbus module aboard the space station, the sensor will provide near-real-time impact detection and recording capabilities.

Using a three-layered acoustic system, the SDS characterizes the size, speed, direction and density of these small particles. The first two layers are meant to be penetrated by the debris. This dual-film system provides the time, location and speed of the debris, while the final layer - a Lexan backstop - provides the density of the object.

The first and second layers of the SDS are identical, equipped with acoustic sensors and .075mm wide resistive lines. If a piece of debris damages the first layer, it cuts through one or more of the resistive lines before impacting and going through the second layer. Finally, the debris hits the backstop plate.

Although the backstop won’t be used to return any of the collected samples, combined with the first two layers, it gives researchers valuable data about the debris that impacts the SDS while in orbit.

“The backstop has sensors to measure how hard it is hit to estimate the kinetic energy of the impacting object,” said Hamilton. “By combining this with velocity and size measurements from the first two layers, we hope to calculate the density of the object.”

The acoustic sensors within the first two layers measure the impact time and location using a simple triangulation algorithm. Finally, combining impact timing and location data provides impact and direction measurements of the debris.

Data gathered during the SDS investigation will help researchers map the entire orbital debris population and plan future sensors beyond the space station and low-Earth orbit, where the risk of damage from orbital debris is even higher to spacecraft.

“The orbital debris environment is constantly changing and needs to be continually monitored,” said Hamilton. “While the upper atmosphere causes debris in low orbits to decay, new launches and new events in space will add to the population.”

“Most Distant Supermassive Black Hole Discovered”

 An international group of astronomers have discovered and measured the most distant supermassive black hole to date.  This newly-discovered black holes sit in the centre of an ultrabirght quasar that was emitted just 690 million years after the Big Bang. The remarkable thing is that this light has taken almost 13 billion years to reach us - almost the same age as the Universe.  The discovery, which was made possible through data collected by the DECam Legaxy Survey (DECaLS) at the CTIO Blanco telescope, has shown that the black hole has a mass of approximately 800 million solar masses - humongous for today’s standards. This has lead to some astronomers theorizing that the very early Universe might have had ripe conditions allowing the creation of very large black holes, such as those with masses reaching 100,000 times the mass of the Sun.  “Gathering all this mass in fewer than 690 million years is an enormous challenge for theories of supermassive black hole growth,” said team leader Dr. Eduardo Bañados, from Carnegie Observatories.

Read more about this fascinating story at: http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/most-distant-supermassive-black-hole-05509.html

Image: Artist’s conception of the most-distance supermassive black hole every discovered via Robin Dienel / Carnegie Institution for Science