VdB 31

Subphylum Urochordata

Subphylum Urochordata (also called Tunicata) includes tunicates, salps, and larvaceans. This subphylum, along with subphylum Cephalochordata, is informally classified under protochordates. Protochordates are “primitive” chordates that are not vertebrates. Most adult tunicates are sessile and do not show chordate characteristics. However tunicates have a free-swimming larval stage that exhibits all chordate characteristics. Tunicates get their name from the outer covering, called a tunic, which cloaks their body.

The first two photos show pictures of tunicate larva. The next three photos show pictures of adult tunicates.

Decade-long timelapse of M1: the Crab Nebula [OS][1920x1080]

Sensor to monitor orbital debris outside space station

The International Space Station isn’t the only spacecraft orbiting the Earth. In fact, it is accompanied by the Hubble Space Telescope, satellites within the Earth Observing System, and more than 1,000 other operational spacecraft and CubeSats. In addition to spacecraft, bits of orbital debris - human-made objects no longer serving a purpose in space - are also in orbit.

With an estimated more than 100 million pieces of orbital debris measuring smaller than one centimeter currently in Earth’s orbit, they can be too small to track, but many are large enough to cause damage to operational spacecraft.

The space station has orbital debris shields in place to protect from debris less than 1.5 centimeters in size. Larger debris pieces are tracked by ground control, and if needed, the space station thrusters can be used to safely move station away from the debris.

The Space Debris Sensor (SDS) will monitor the small debris environment around the space station for two to three years, recording instances of debris between the sizes of .05mm to.5mm. Objects larger than 3 mm are monitored from the ground. It will launch to station in the trunk of a SpaceX Dragon during a resupply mission no earlier than Dec. 12.

Orbital debris as small as .3mm may pose a danger to human spaceflight and robotic missions.

“Debris this small has the potential to damage exposed thermal protection systems, spacesuits, windows and unshielded sensitive equipment,” said Joseph Hamilton, the project’s principal investigator. “On the space station, it can create sharp edges on handholds along the path of spacewalkers, which can also cause damage to the suits.”

Once it is mounted on the exterior of the Columbus module aboard the space station, the sensor will provide near-real-time impact detection and recording capabilities.

Using a three-layered acoustic system, the SDS characterizes the size, speed, direction and density of these small particles. The first two layers are meant to be penetrated by the debris. This dual-film system provides the time, location and speed of the debris, while the final layer - a Lexan backstop - provides the density of the object.

The first and second layers of the SDS are identical, equipped with acoustic sensors and .075mm wide resistive lines. If a piece of debris damages the first layer, it cuts through one or more of the resistive lines before impacting and going through the second layer. Finally, the debris hits the backstop plate.

Although the backstop won’t be used to return any of the collected samples, combined with the first two layers, it gives researchers valuable data about the debris that impacts the SDS while in orbit.

“The backstop has sensors to measure how hard it is hit to estimate the kinetic energy of the impacting object,” said Hamilton. “By combining this with velocity and size measurements from the first two layers, we hope to calculate the density of the object.”

The acoustic sensors within the first two layers measure the impact time and location using a simple triangulation algorithm. Finally, combining impact timing and location data provides impact and direction measurements of the debris.

Data gathered during the SDS investigation will help researchers map the entire orbital debris population and plan future sensors beyond the space station and low-Earth orbit, where the risk of damage from orbital debris is even higher to spacecraft.

“The orbital debris environment is constantly changing and needs to be continually monitored,” said Hamilton. “While the upper atmosphere causes debris in low orbits to decay, new launches and new events in space will add to the population.”