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Beautiful Geometric Skeletons of Ancient Jellyfish Fossils

The 520-million-year-old fossils reveal that ancient comb jellies had stunning geometric skeletons that have disappeared over the course of evolution, researchers report in a paper published in the journal Science Advances. These strange skeletons contained eight rigid plates that surrounded the jellies’ organs and eight spoke-like structures that radiated outward to surround the soft lobes of their bodies.

The unusual symmetry of these skeletons makes them aesthetically appealing, but it also likely provided mechanical support for the jellies’ squishy bodies. It may have aided in defense against predators or other dangers as well, the researchers suggest.

entire article on techtimes

“The earth as seen from the moon.” The young astronomer; or, Helps to a knowledge of the leading constellations. 1891.

closely related to sharks but with long, flat bodies and wing-like pectoral fins, mobula rays are ideally suited to swooping through the water - here off the gulf of california - yet seem equally at home in the air, so much so that they have earned the name “flying rays”. mobula rays can reach heights of more than two metres, remaining airborne for several seconds. 

mobula rays are quite elusive and difficult to study, so biologists are not quite sure why they jump out of the water. theories vary from a means of communication, to a mating ritual (though both males and females jump), or as a way to shed themselves of parasites. they could also be jumping as a way of better corralling their pray, as seen with them swimming in a circular formation. 

what is known about mobula rays is that they reach sexual maturity late and their investment in their offspring is more akin to mammals than other fishes, usually producing just a single pup after long pregnancies, all of which makes them extremely vulnerable to commercial fishing, especially as a species that likes to come together in large groups.

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A new geometric design every day

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LIGO scientists detected a third gravitational wave from two colliding black holes.

This week, scientists using the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, announced that they had detected another gravitational wave—the third ripple observed since September 2015. The findings were published in the journal Physical Review Letters.

The source of this most recent gravitational wave is a black hole 49 times larger than our sun that was formed by two colliding black holes located 3 billion light-years away. The data indicates that the spin of one or both of the black holes may have a tilted orbit, which can reveal clues to their origins. Theoretical astrophysicist Priyamvada Natarajan explains how this finding sheds light on black hole formation, and how it affects our understanding of general relativity and dark matter. Listen here. 

[Image credit: LIGO/Caltech/MIT/Sonoma State (Aurore Simonnet)]

Exchanges of identity in deep space

By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high energy photons

Like in a nail-biting thriller full of escapes and subterfuge, photons from far-off light sources, such as blazars, could go up against a continuous exchange of identity in their journey through the Universe. This is an operation that would allow these very tiny particles of light to escape an enemy which, if encountered, would annihilate them. This is the phenomenon studied by a group of researchers from the University of Salento, Bari, the National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) and SISSA thanks to brand new simulation models that reproduce the complexity of the cosmos as never before. Normally, very high energy photons (gamma rays) should “collide” with the background light emitted by galaxies transformed into pairs of matter and antimatter particles, as envisaged by the Theory of Relativity. For this reason, the sources of very high energy gamma rays should appear significantly less bright than what is observed in many cases.

A possible explanation for this surprising anomaly is that light photons are transformed into hypothetical weakly-interacting particles, “axions” which, in turn, would change into photons, all due to the interaction with magnetic fields. With these metamorphoses, a part of the photons would escape interaction with the intergalactic background light that would make them disappear. The importance of this process is emphasised by the study published on Physical Review Letters, which re-created an extremely refined model of the Cosmic Web, a network of filaments composed of gas and dark matter present throughout the Universe and of its magnetic fields. The aforementioned effects are now awaiting comparison with those obtained experimentally through Cherenkov Telescope Array new generation telescopes.

In this research, through complex and unprecedented computer simulations made at the CSCS Supercomputing Centre in Lugano, scholars have reproduced the so-called Cosmic Web and the magnetic fields associated with this to investigate the possibility, advanced from previous theories, that photons from a light source are transformed into axions, hypothetical elementary particles, on interacting with an extragalactic magnetic field. Axions could then be retransformed into photons by interacting with other magnetic fields. Researchers Daniele Montanino, Franco Vazza, Alessandro Mirizzi and Matteo Viel explain: “Photons from luminous bodies disappear when they encounter extragalactic background light (EBL). But if on their journey they head into these transformations as envisaged by these theories, it would explain why, in addition to giving very important information on processes that occur in the universe, distant celestial bodies are brighter than expected from an observation on Earth. These changes would, in fact, enable a greater number of photons to reach the Earth”.

In the simulations made by scientists, thanks to the wealth of magnetic fields present in the Cosmic Web’s filaments recreated with the simulations, the conversion phenomenon would seem much more relevant than predicted by previous models: “Our simulations reproduce a very realistic picture of the cosmos’ structure. From what we have observed, the distribution of the Cosmic Web envisaged by us would markedly increase the probability of these transformations”. The next step in the research? To compare simulation results with the experimental data obtained through the use of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatories detectors, the new-generation astronomical observatories, one of which is positioned in the Canary Islands and the other in Chile, that will study the Universe through very high energy gamma rays.

IMAGE….Through complex computer simulations, researchers have reproduced the so-colled Comsc Web and its magnetic fields Credit Vazza F., Bruggen M. Gheller, C., Wang P.

Watching the clouds go by on #Mars. Check out these atmospheric ripples!