Possible 360° Camera Drone By Samsung?

Comets may hold the secret to the origin of life on Earth

We’ve studied life on Earth extensively, but we still have no idea where it came from. Some scientists think it may have spontaneously arisen on Earth by some unknown process. Others think the ingredients for life were delivered here by comets crashing into Earth in the early days of the solar system. The latter theory just got a huge boost.

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General Ham: Digital Mode Introduction

This is probably a bit more repetition, but well worth the time!  So digital modes are where data are encoded as bits instead of in waves, and some are created commercially, while others are created by amateurs!  

Digital modes consist of two things: a protocol and a method of modulation.  A protocol is the set of rules that control the encoding, packaging, exchanging and decoding of digital data.  For example, packet radio uses the AX.25 protocol standard.  This standard says how each packet is constructed, how packets are exchanged, what characters are allowed, and so forth.  The protocol standard doesn’t say what kind of transmitter to use or what the signal will sound like on the air.

Digital mode signals are restricted to the CW/data segments of each band and most digital mode operation is close to the top of the CW segment.  Calling frequencies for the popular digital modes are incorporated into band plans and are usually the lowest frequency of operation with operators moving up in frequency as activity increases.

For example on 20m, most PSK31 signals are found near 14.070 MHz.  RTTY and other digital mode signals are found above that.  The modems used for digital signals often do not recognize signals from CW or other digital modes.

Here’s the Digital Signal Band Plan:

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What a stunner! See Jupiter’s southern hemisphere in beautiful detail in this new citizen-scientist-processed JunoCam image.

 An image of the North polar region of Jupiter. 

Taken by NASA’s spacecraft Juno.

Սպիրու Կոստաքեի Հարեթ Spiru C. Haret

Romanian Armenian mathematician, astronomer and politician. He made a fundamental contribution to the n-body problem in celestial mechanics by proving that using a third degree approximation for the disturbing forces implies instability of the major axes of the orbits, and by introducing the concept of secular perturbations in relation to this. (Proved that planetary motion is not absolutely stable)  As a politician, during his three terms as Minister of Education, Haret ran deep reforms, building the modern Romanian education system. He was made a full member of the Romanian Academy in 1892. He also founded the Astronomical observatory in Bucharest, The crater Haret on the Moon is named after him. The Spiru Haret University, a private university in Bucharest, Romania, bears the name of a scientist and reformer of the Romanian education.

Born 15 February 1851 in Iaşi, Moldavia to an Armenian family, He showed talent for mathematics at a very young age, publishing two textbooks, one in algebra and one in trigonometry when he was still in high school. Whilst in his second year studying physics and mathematics the in the University of Bucharest, he became a teacher of mathematics in Nifon Seminary.

After graduation, Haret won a scholarship competition organized by Titu Maiorescu and went to Paris in order to study mathematics at the Sorbonne. There he earned a mathematics diploma in 1875 and a physics diploma in 1876. Two years later he earned his Ph.D. by defending his thesis, Sur l’invariabilité des grandes axes des orbites planétaires (On the invariability of the major axis of planetary orbits), in front of examiners led by Victor Puiseux. In this work he proved a result fundamental for the n-body problem in astronomy, the thesis being published in Vol. XVIII of the Annales de l'Observatoire de Paris. Haret was the first Romanian to obtain a Ph.D. degree in Paris, (though he was of full Armenian descent)

After his return to Romania in 1878, Haret abandoned scientific research and dedicated the rest of his life to improving Romanian education, which was heavily underdeveloped at the time, both as professor and as politician. He only published an article on the secular acceleration of the Moon in 1880 and one on Jupiter’s Great Red Spot (1912). And in In 1910 he published Social mechanics, which used mathematics to explain social behaviour (somehow anticipating the fictional “psychohistory” branch of mathematics developed by Hari Seldon, the fictional character of Isaac Asimov‘s Foundation, published 40 years later).

He was appointed professor of rational mechanics at the Science Faculty in Bucharest. The next year Haret became a correspondent member of the Romanian Academy. He kept the professorship at the Science Faculty until his retirement in 1910.  As Minister of Education he ran a complete reform, basically building the modern Romanian education system

Image of Saturn taken by Cassini spacecraft in October 28, 2016.

Credit: NASA / JPL / Cassini

A close-up of an enhanced-color image of Jupiter’s clouds obtained by NASA’s Juno spacecraft.

NASA/SWRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran / New York Times